01 of 08
Soil and compost
Soil is the foundation of the biodynamic farm, and compost is how the farm feeds it. Manure, crop residues and plant matter are composted on site, often with the biodynamic compost preparations stirred in, so fertility comes from inside the farm instead of a bag. Research cited by Demeter USA has found biodynamic soils with more microbial activity, better structure and more earthworms than conventionally farmed soils.
The standard asksFarmers generate as much fertility as possible from the farm itself and reduce reliance on imported materials.
02 of 08
Crops and seeds
Biodynamic growers favor diverse, locally adapted and heirloom varieties, and many save their own seed so plants grow more suited to the farm each year. Crop rotations, cover crops, green manures and nutrient catch crops keep the soil covered and feed it between harvests. A diverse planting is also harder for any single pest or disease to sweep through.
The standard asksRotations and cover crops are part of the farm plan, and stricter limits apply to imported materials, including extra precautions against GMO contamination.
03 of 08
Animals
Many modern farms separated animals from crops long ago. Biodynamic farms bring them back, because manure is the heart of a closed loop fertility system and grazing animals help manage pasture and vegetation. Animals are treated as partners on the farm, raised in herds or flocks, pasture fed and given room to behave the way they naturally would.
The standard asksAnimals are integrated into the farm system. Dehorning, debeaking, wing clipping and tail docking are prohibited, and preventive hormones and antibiotics are not allowed.
04 of 08
Wildlife habitat
Hedgerows, wetlands, forests, insectary strips and wild corners give birds, bats, bees and beneficial insects a place to live. Those allies pollinate crops and keep pest populations in check, which is why biodynamic farms are noticeably more alive than a monoculture. It is also why a broad spectrum pesticide has no place there. Wiping out the beneficial insects undoes years of habitat work in one spray.
The standard asksAt least 10 percent of total farm area is reserved for biodiversity, through wildlife habitat, restoration and enhancement.
05 of 08
The preparations
The biodynamic preparations are made from manure, minerals and medicinal herbs and applied in very small amounts. Some are sprayed on soil and plants. Others go into the compost pile to guide how it breaks down. They are the most distinctive part of biodynamic farming, and you can explore each one further down this page.
The standard asksRegular use of the preparations on fields and compost is required for Demeter certification.
06 of 08
Water and landscape
Every farm sits inside a watershed, a climate and a landscape that came before it. Biodynamic farmers read that context closely, protecting waterways and riparian corridors and choosing practices that hold soil in place through drought, flood and wind. Healthy soil with plenty of organic matter soaks up water like a sponge, which keeps both the crops and the streams downstream in better shape.
Why it mattersDemeter describes each farm as having its own individuality, shaped by its land, water, history and people.
07 of 08
People and community
Farmers and farm workers are part of the organism too. The biodynamic movement puts weight on safe and fair working conditions, on continual learning, and on fair economic relationships, including models like community supported agriculture where eaters share the risks and rewards of a season with the farm.
Why it mattersA farm only lasts if the people who run it can thrive, learn and stay connected to those who eat what they grow.
08 of 08
Sun, moon and seasons
Biodynamic farmers pay close attention to the seasons, the weather and the movements of the sun, moon and planets. Many use a biodynamic planting calendar to choose days for sowing, transplanting, harvesting and applying preparations. Whatever you make of the cosmic side, the habit it builds is valuable, because it trains a grower to observe the farm patiently instead of reacting to it.
Why it mattersCareful observation catches pest and disease pressure early, while it is still small and easy to manage.